Interspecific Hybridization as a Primary Force in Evolutionary Transformation of Fungi

Gene transfer across species is often linked to bacteria, which have developed a lot of approaches to promote horizontal DNA exchange. But whole-genome sequencing has shown that fungal species exchange DNA as well, resulting in interwoven lineages, unclear species boundaries, or even the emergence of new species. The interspecific hybridization (IH) that occurs in fungi, as opposed to prokaryote DNA exchange, results in a polyploid genome that is very unstable and quickly develops into more stable derivatives. Genotypic and phenotypic diversity may be combined in creative ways to improve fitness and facilitate the colonization of different habitats in the resultant hybrids. IH led to the formation of major pathogens for plants and humans (for example, numerous "powdery mildew" and Candida species, respectively), as well as important industrial yeasts, including Saccharomyces hybrids that are vital in the manufacturing of cold-cellared Belgian beers and cold-fermented lagers. In this review, we explore the genetic mechanisms and evolutionary consequences of IH in fungi, as well as some of the most well-studied instances of this phenomenon. It's also possible to research the molecular processes that underlie evolution, speciation, and adaptation by using hybrids; this may also lead to the creation of novel varieties for commercial use.