Development and evaluation of a novel analyser for ISO14687 hydrogen purity analysis

Development and evaluation of a novel analyser for ISO14687 hydrogen purity analysis K Arrhenius http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4037-3106 Oliver Büker http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5118-0150 Andreas Fischer Stefan Persijn Niamh D Moore Abstract

Standards ISO14687 and EN17124 set stringent limits for numerous gaseous impurities and particulates that may damage the fuel cell system in a hydrogen vehicle, as it is highly sensitive to the presence of even very low levels of impurities. However, performing the whole set of analyses is both technically challenging and time-consuming for any laboratory and will require a combination of several analytical techniques or instruments. In this study, we discussed the selection of analytical techniques for hydrogen purity testing in order to optimize the CAPEX (capital expenditure) and OPEX (operational expenditure), while ensuring the quality of the results and the compliance of the analytical methods with ISO21087. Among the individual impurities to be analysed in ISO14687, spectroscopy techniques are suitable for ammonia, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, formic acid, oxygen and water. Spectroscopy techniques are even suitable for some impurities belonging to the three total species such as hydrogen sulphide, hydrogen chloride and methane. However, helium and argon, which are monoatomic, do not exhibit response in the infrared region. Therefore, any spectroscopic analysis method must be completed by another method in order to simultaneously analyse all individual gaseous impurities from ISO14687. In this study, we constructed and demonstrated the feasibility of an instrument composed of a gas chromatograph having three columns (two packed columns and a PLOT (Porous Layer Open Tubular) column and two detectors (FID and TCD) coupled in parallel to two OFCEAS instruments using reference gas mixtures. Finally, we also proposed an extended configuration that will allow performing the whole set of analyses for gaseous species from ISO14687.
05 04 2020 07 01 2020 075010 http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/crossmark-policy iopscience.iop.org Development and evaluation of a novel analyser for ISO14687 hydrogen purity analysis Measurement Science and Technology paper © 2020 The Author(s) Published by IOP Publishing Ltd 2019-12-06 2020-03-05 2020-05-04 European Association of National Metrology Institutes http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100012329 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100012329 16ENG01 MetroHyVe http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://iopscience.iop.org/info/page/text-and-data-mining 10.1088/1361-6501/ab7cf3 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6501/ab7cf3 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6501/ab7cf3/pdf https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6501/ab7cf3/pdf https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6501/ab7cf3 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6501/ab7cf3/pdf https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6501/ab7cf3/pdf https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6501/ab7cf3/pdf https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6501/ab7cf3 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6501/ab7cf3/pdf https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6501/ab7cf3/pdf https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6501/ab7cf3 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6501/ab7cf3 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6501/ab7cf3/pdf 2013 UK H2 mobility: phase 1 results 2015 Fuelling france Hayter 2014 Global H2Mobility initiatives—what they mean for FCEV introduction J. Electrochem. Soc. Zhang 10.1149/1.3284646 157 B409–B414 2010 Influence of formic acid impurity on proton exchange membrane fuel cell performance Molter 2012 Final report—effects of impurities on fuel cell performance and durability Jacques 2014 Review on the impact of impurities on PEMFC and analytical methods for hydrogen QA Chem. Eng. Sci. Bonnet 10.1016/j.ces.2010.01.029 65 3050 2010 PEM fuel cell Pt anode inhibition by carbon monoxide: non-uniform behaviour of the cell caused by the finite hydrogen excess 2019 Hydrogen fuel quality—product specification 2019 Hydrogen fuel—product specification and quality assurance—proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell applications for road vehicles Haloua 2016–2019 Literature review of impurity analysis methods for the compounds mentioned in ISO Int. J. Hydrogen Energy Murugan 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.03.190 44 19326 2019 Measurement challenges for hydrogen vehicles 2018 Murugan 2016 Recent developments on quality assurance of fuel cell hydrogen 2019 Finding and reducing the “hidden costs” in gas chromatograph installations Lab. Med. MacMillan 10.1309/99F7NNJ09M3TGQHW 34 515 2003 Elements of a typical laboratory budget Carré 2018 How to ensure H2 quality without increasing H2 analysis cost? Gozlan 2017–2020 Literature review of existing analytical methods for hydrogen purity analysis a specified in ISO 14687 2010 Standard test method for determination of trace gaseous contaminants in hydrogen fuel by fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy 2014 Standard test method for hydrogen purity analysis using a continuous wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy analyzer Meuzelaar Trace level analysis of reactive ISO14687-2 impurities in hydrogen fuel using laser-based spectroscopic detection methods Int. J. Hydrogen Energy Bacquart 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.03.084 43 11872 2018 Probability of occurrence of ISO 14687-2 contaminants in hydrogen: principles and examples from steam methane reforming and electrolysis (water and chlor-alkali) production processes model Arrhenius 2017–2020 Review and selection of compounds for total measurements (halogenated, sulphur and hydrocarbons) 2015 Gas analysis—preparation of calibration gas mixtures—part 1: gravimetric method for class I Mixtures Arrhenius 2016–2019 Speciation method based on gas chromatography for the measurement of separate hydrocarbons in hydrogen Arrhenius 2017–2020 Development and validation of a method for performing measurement of hydrogen sulfide at the threshold levels specified in ISO14687 Down 2005 Magnusson 2014 2nd edn Gagliardi 2014 Magnusson 2012